Lewes Castle

Lewes Castle stands as one of the oldest Norman fortresses in England, dramatically positioned high above medieval streets with a unique architectural distinction as one of only two castles in England featuring two mottes within its oval bailey. Built by William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, shortly after the Norman Conquest in 1066, this formidable stronghold controlled the strategically vital Rape of Lewes and provided Norman dominance over Sussex for centuries.

The strategic defensive importance of Lewes Castle stemmed from its commanding hilltop position overlooking the River Ouse valley and controlling routes through the South Downs. William the Conqueror divided Sussex into five administrative units called ‘rapes,’ each controlled by a major castle. Lewes Castle, controlling the central rape, became the most important of these Sussex fortifications, with its elevated position providing comprehensive surveillance across the surrounding countryside while the river barrier offered additional protection.

The castle’s remarkable two-motte design makes it architecturally unique in England, shared only with Lincoln Castle. The first motte, known as Brack Mount, was completed shortly after 1066, while the second motte, known as the Keep, was added in the late 11th century. Both mottes originally featured wooden palisades replaced by masonry shell keeps at the start of the 12th century, demonstrating the evolution from temporary wooden fortifications to permanent stone strongholds.

The bailey area encompassed both mottes within a substantial stone curtain wall punctuated by defensive towers. This concentric arrangement created multiple defensive lines, with the twin keeps providing final refuges if outer defences were breached. The innovative design reflected William de Warenne’s military expertise and resources as one of the Conqueror’s most trusted companions, rewarded with vast Sussex estates.

Historical significance reached its zenith during the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, one of the pivotal conflicts of the Second Barons’ War. King Henry III and Prince Edward (later Edward I) left the castle’s safety to engage Simon de Montfort’s baronial forces in open battle. De Montfort’s stunning victory made him the ‘uncrowned King of England’ and led to England’s first parliament, though his triumph proved short-lived when Edward defeated him the following year at Evesham.

The castle underwent significant modifications during the 13th and 14th centuries, including the addition of towers to one shell keep and construction of the impressive barbican entrance that survives today. This gatehouse, with its twin towers and murder holes, demonstrates sophisticated defensive engineering while providing grand ceremonial entrance befitting the Earl of Surrey’s principal residence.

The adjacent Barbican House Museum, constructed in the 16th century with a stone fireplace dated 1579, now serves as headquarters for the Sussex Archaeological Society. The museum houses extensive collections illustrating Sussex history from prehistoric times through the medieval period, with artifacts, interactive displays, and temporary exhibitions complementing the castle experience. A delightful model of historic Lewes and short film provide context for understanding the town’s development.

Modern visitor facilities include spectacular panoramic views from the keep tower, rewarding those who climb the zigzag steps with vistas across the South Downs that inspired William Morris to describe Lewes lying ‘like a box of toys under a great amphitheatre of chalky hills.’ The castle gardens provide pleasant picnic areas, while talks and workshops throughout the year engage visitors with living history demonstrations and archaeological insights.

An interesting historical fact involves the castle’s continuous archaeological significance. Recent excavations have revealed evidence of the original wooden palisades, Norman domestic buildings, and even pre-Norman occupation. These discoveries demonstrate how modern archaeological techniques continue unveiling new information about sites that have been studied for over a century.

Frequently Asked Questions About Lewes Castle

What are Lewes Castle opening hours?

Summer (April-October): Tuesday-Sunday 10am-5pm. Winter: Tuesday-Sunday 10am-4pm. Closed Mondays year-round except Bank Holidays. Also closed December 25-26 and January 1. Last admission 30 minutes before closing.

How much does Lewes Castle cost?

Adult admission approximately £8-10, children reduced rates, family tickets available. Combination tickets including both castle and Barbican House Museum provide excellent value. Sussex Archaeological Society members enjoy free entry.

What makes Lewes Castle unique?

Lewes is one of only two castles in England with two mottes (the other being Lincoln). Both mottes survive with their shell keeps, demonstrating the evolution of Norman fortification from wooden to stone construction within a single site.

Can you climb Lewes Castle keep?

Yes, visitors can climb the zigzag steps to the top of the keep tower for spectacular panoramic views across Sussex, the South Downs, and the surrounding countryside. The views reward the steep climb and demonstrate the castle’s strategic positioning.

Is Lewes Castle connected to Barbican House Museum?

Yes, admission includes both the castle and the adjoining Barbican House Museum. The museum displays Sussex archaeological artifacts from prehistoric to medieval periods, complementing the castle visit with comprehensive historical context.

Where can I park at Lewes Castle?

Limited parking available nearby, with public car parks in Lewes town centre within walking distance. The castle is located on Castle Hill, easily accessible from Lewes High Street. Lewes Railway Station is approximately 10 minutes’ walk from the castle.

Is Lewes Castle suitable for families?

Yes, excellent family destination with extensive grounds for exploration, museum activities, picnic gardens, and engaging historical interpretation. Children enjoy climbing the castle keep and learning about Norman conquest and medieval warfare through interactive displays.

Nearby Defence Heritage Sites of Interest

Image credit: Antiquary